File Format¶

Files should be saved with Unicode (UTF-8) encoding. The BOM should not be used. Unlike UTF-16 and UTF-32, there’s no byte order to indicate in a UTF-8 encoded file, and the BOM can have a negative side effect in PHP of sending output, preventing the application from being able to set its own headers. Unix line endings should be used (LF).
Here is how to apply these settings in some of the more common text editors. Instructions for your text editor may vary; check your text editor’s documentation.

PHP Closing Tag¶

The PHP closing tag on a PHP document ?> is optional to the PHP parser. However, if used, any whitespace following the closing tag, whether introduced by the developer, user, or an FTP application, can cause unwanted output, PHP errors, or if the latter are suppressed, blank pages. For this reason, all PHP files MUST OMIT the PHP closing tag and end with a single empty line instead.

File Naming¶

Class files must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner, while any other file name (configurations, views, generic scripts, etc.) should be in all lowercase.
INCORRECT:

somelibrary.php
someLibrary.php
SOMELIBRARY.php
Some_Library.php
Application_config.php
Application_Config.php
applicationConfig.php

CORRECT:

Somelibrary.php
Some_library.php
applicationconfig.php
application_config.php

Furthermore, class file names should match the name of the class itself. For example, if you have a class named Myclass, then its filename must be Myclass.php.

Class and Method Naming¶

Class names should always start with an uppercase letter. Multiple words should be separated with an underscore, and not CamelCased.
INCORRECT:

class superclass
class SuperClass

CORRECT:

class Super_class

class Super_class {
        public function __construct()
        {
        }
}

Class methods should be entirely lowercased and named to clearly indicate their function, preferably including a verb. Try to avoid overly long and verbose names. Multiple words should be separated with an underscore.
INCORRECT:

function fileproperties()               // not descriptive and needs underscore separator
function fileProperties()               // not descriptive and uses CamelCase
function getfileproperties()            // Better!  But still missing underscore separator
function getFileProperties()            // uses CamelCase
function get_the_file_properties_from_the_file()        // wordy

CORRECT:

function get_file_properties()  // descriptive, underscore separator, and all lowercase letters

Variable Names¶

The guidelines for variable naming are very similar to those used for class methods. Variables should contain only lowercase letters, use underscore separators, and be reasonably named to indicate their purpose and contents. Very short, non-word variables should only be used as iterators in for() loops.
INCORRECT:

$j = 'foo';             // single letter variables should only be used in for() loops
$Str                    // contains uppercase letters
$bufferedText           // uses CamelCasing, and could be shortened without losing semantic meaning
$groupid                // multiple words, needs underscore separator
$name_of_last_city_used // too long

CORRECT:

for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++)
$str
$buffer
$group_id
$last_city

Commenting¶

In general, code should be commented prolifically. It not only helps describe the flow and intent of the code for less experienced programmers, but can prove invaluable when returning to your own code months down the line. There is not a required format for comments, but the following are recommended.
DocBlock style comments preceding class, method, and property declarations so they can be picked up by IDEs:

/**
 * Super Class
 *
 * @package     Package Name
 * @subpackage  Subpackage
 * @category    Category
 * @author      Author Name
 * @link        http://example.com
 */
class Super_class {

/**
 * Encodes string for use in XML
 *
 * @param       string  $str    Input string
 * @return      string
 */
function xml_encode($str)

/**
 * Data for class manipulation
 *
 * @var array
 */
public $data = array();

Use single line comments within code, leaving a blank line between large comment blocks and code.

// break up the string by newlines
$parts = explode("\n", $str);
// A longer comment that needs to give greater detail on what is
// occurring and why can use multiple single-line comments.  Try to
// keep the width reasonable, around 70 characters is the easiest to
// read.  Don't hesitate to link to permanent external resources
// that may provide greater detail:
//
// http://example.com/information_about_something/in_particular/
$parts = $this->foo($parts);

Constants¶

Constants follow the same guidelines as do variables, except constants should always be fully uppercase. Always use CodeIgniter constants when appropriate, i.e. SLASH, LD, RD, PATH_CACHE, etc.
INCORRECT:

myConstant      // missing underscore separator and not fully uppercase
N               // no single-letter constants
S_C_VER         // not descriptive
$str = str_replace('{foo}', 'bar', $str);       // should use LD and RD constants

CORRECT:

MY_CONSTANT
NEWLINE
SUPER_CLASS_VERSION
$str = str_replace(LD.'foo'.RD, 'bar', $str);

TRUE, FALSE, and NULL¶

TRUE, FALSE, and NULL keywords should always be fully uppercase.
INCORRECT:

if ($foo == true)
$bar = false;
function foo($bar = null)

CORRECT:

if ($foo == TRUE)
$bar = FALSE;
function foo($bar = NULL)

Logical Operators¶

Use of the || “or” comparison operator is discouraged, as its clarity on some output devices is low (looking like the number 11, for instance). && is preferred over AND but either are acceptable, and a space should always precede and follow !.
INCORRECT:

if ($foo || $bar)
if ($foo AND $bar)  // okay but not recommended for common syntax highlighting applications
if (!$foo)
if (! is_array($foo))

CORRECT:

if ($foo OR $bar)
if ($foo && $bar) // recommended
if ( ! $foo)
if ( ! is_array($foo))

Comparing Return Values and Typecasting¶

Some PHP functions return FALSE on failure, but may also have a valid return value of “” or 0, which would evaluate to FALSE in loose comparisons. Be explicit by comparing the variable type when using these return values in conditionals to ensure the return value is indeed what you expect, and not a value that has an equivalent loose-type evaluation.
Use the same stringency in returning and checking your own variables. Use === and !== as necessary.
INCORRECT:

// If 'foo' is at the beginning of the string, strpos will return a 0,
// resulting in this conditional evaluating as TRUE
if (strpos($str, 'foo') == FALSE)

CORRECT:

if (strpos($str, 'foo') === FALSE)

INCORRECT:

function build_string($str = "")
{
        if ($str == "") // uh-oh!  What if FALSE or the integer 0 is passed as an argument?
        {
        }
}

CORRECT:

function build_string($str = "")
{
        if ($str === "")
        {
        }
}

See also information regarding typecasting, which can be quite useful. Typecasting has a slightly different effect which may be desirable. When casting a variable as a string, for instance, NULL and boolean FALSE variables become empty strings, 0 (and other numbers) become strings of digits, and boolean TRUE becomes “1”:

$str = (string) $str; // cast $str as a string

Debugging Code¶

Do not leave debugging code in your submissions, even when commented out. Things such as var_dump(), print_r(), die()/exit() should not be included in your code unless it serves a specific purpose other than debugging.

Whitespace in Files¶

No whitespace can precede the opening PHP tag or follow the closing PHP tag. Output is buffered, so whitespace in your files can cause output to begin before CodeIgniter outputs its content, leading to errors and an inability for CodeIgniter to send proper headers.

Compatibility¶

CodeIgniter recommends PHP 5.4 or newer to be used, but it should be compatible with PHP 5.2.4. Your code must either be compatible with this requirement, provide a suitable fallback, or be an optional feature that dies quietly without affecting a user’s application.
Additionally, do not use PHP functions that require non-default libraries to be installed unless your code contains an alternative method when the function is not available.

One File per Class¶

Use separate files for each class, unless the classes are closely related. An example of a CodeIgniter file that contains multiple classes is the Xmlrpc library file.

Whitespace¶

Use tabs for whitespace in your code, not spaces. This may seem like a small thing, but using tabs instead of whitespace allows the developer looking at your code to have indentation at levels that they prefer and customize in whatever application they use. And as a side benefit, it results in (slightly) more compact files, storing one tab character versus, say, four space characters.

Line Breaks¶

Files must be saved with Unix line breaks. This is more of an issue for developers who work in Windows, but in any case ensure that your text editor is setup to save files with Unix line breaks.

Code Indenting¶

Use Allman style indenting. With the exception of Class declarations, braces are always placed on a line by themselves, and indented at the same level as the control statement that “owns” them.
INCORRECT:

function foo($bar) {
        // ...
}
foreach ($arr as $key => $val) {
        // ...
}
if ($foo == $bar) {
        // ...
} else {
        // ...
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
        {
        for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++)
                {
                // ...
                }
        }
try {
        // ...
}
catch() {
        // ...
}

CORRECT:

function foo($bar)
{
        // ...
}
foreach ($arr as $key => $val)
{
        // ...
}
if ($foo == $bar)
{
        // ...
}
else
{
        // ...
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
{
        for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++)
        {
                // ...
        }
}
try
{
        // ...
}
catch()
{
        // ...
}

Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing¶

In general, parenthesis and brackets should not use any additional spaces. The exception is that a space should always follow PHP control structures that accept arguments with parenthesis (declare, do-while, elseif, for, foreach, if, switch, while), to help distinguish them from functions and increase readability.
INCORRECT:

$arr[ $foo ] = 'foo';

CORRECT:

$arr[$foo] = 'foo'; // no spaces around array keys

INCORRECT:

function foo ( $bar )
{
}

CORRECT:

function foo($bar) // no spaces around parenthesis in function declarations
{
}

INCORRECT:

foreach( $query->result() as $row )

CORRECT:

foreach ($query->result() as $row) // single space following PHP control structures, but not in interior parenthesis

Localized Text¶

CodeIgniter libraries should take advantage of corresponding language files whenever possible.
INCORRECT:

return "Invalid Selection";

CORRECT:

return $this->lang->line('invalid_selection');

Private Methods and Variables¶

Methods and variables that are only accessed internally, such as utility and helper functions that your public methods use for code abstraction, should be prefixed with an underscore.

public function convert_text()
private function _convert_text()

PHP Errors¶

Code must run error free and not rely on warnings and notices to be hidden to meet this requirement. For instance, never access a variable that you did not set yourself (such as $_POST array keys) without first checking to see that it isset().
Make sure that your dev environment has error reporting enabled for ALL users, and that display_errors is enabled in the PHP environment. You can check this setting with:

if (ini_get('display_errors') == 1)
{
        exit "Enabled";
}

On some servers where display_errors is disabled, and you do not have the ability to change this in the php.ini, you can often enable it with:

ini_set('display_errors', 1);

Short Open Tags¶

Always use full PHP opening tags, in case a server does not have short_open_tag enabled.
INCORRECT:

<? echo $foo; ?>
<?=$foo?>

CORRECT:

<?php echo $foo; ?>

One Statement Per Line¶

Never combine statements on one line.
INCORRECT:

$foo = 'this'; $bar = 'that'; $bat = str_replace($foo, $bar, $bag);

CORRECT:

$foo = 'this';
$bar = 'that';
$bat = str_replace($foo, $bar, $bag);

Strings¶

Always use single quoted strings unless you need variables parsed, and in cases where you do need variables parsed, use braces to prevent greedy token parsing. You may also use double-quoted strings if the string contains single quotes, so you do not have to use escape characters.
INCORRECT:

"My String"                                     // no variable parsing, so no use for double quotes
"My string $foo"                                // needs braces
'SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = \'bag\''       // ugly

CORRECT:

'My String'
"My string {$foo}"
"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = 'bag'"

SQL Queries¶

SQL keywords are always capitalized: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, WHERE, AS, JOIN, ON, IN, etc.
Break up long queries into multiple lines for legibility, preferably breaking for each clause.
INCORRECT:

// keywords are lowercase and query is too long for
// a single line (... indicates continuation of line)
$query = $this->db->query("select foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar as raboof, foobaz from exp_pre_email_addresses
...where foo != 'oof' and baz != 'zab' order by foobaz limit 5, 100");

CORRECT:

$query = $this->db->query("SELECT foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar AS raboof, foobaz
                                FROM exp_pre_email_addresses
                                WHERE foo != 'oof'
                                AND baz != 'zab'
                                ORDER BY foobaz
                                LIMIT 5, 100");

Default Function Arguments¶

Whenever appropriate, provide function argument defaults, which helps prevent PHP errors with mistaken calls and provides common fallback values which can save a few lines of code. Example:

function foo($bar = '', $baz = FALSE)